MIT offered the first course in electrical engineering in the U.S. in 1882. This course was organized by Professor Charles R. Cross who was head of the Physics department, and who later became a founder of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers which later became the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. In 1886 the University of Missouri established the first department of electrical engineering in the U.S. [1] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering#References)

Even in the early days of engineering education, conflicts existed between education directed toward practical hands-on skills and application of mathematical and physical theory. This range of opportunities persists to this day; someone educated as an electrical engineer may be found supervising electricians in an industrial plant or may be researching fundamental problems in semiconductor physics or mathematical analysis.

Applied mathematics proved well-suited to the practical problems of electrical engineering, and engineers developed some mathematical techniques applicable to other disciplines (such as Oliver Heaviside's formulation of Maxwell's Equations in the modern vector form).

An early example of the application of mathematics to electrical engineering arose in 1883 when the Edison company undertook the installation of an overhead electrical distribution in Sunbury, Pennsylvania. To establish the most economic wire size for the distribution system that Edison had a miniature model laboriously constructed, with each customer's load modelled by turns of resistance wire. Miniature models of feeders and branch circuits were constructed, and tested with various wire sizes until a satisfactory size was found. An engineer working for Edison, Frank Sprague, demonstrated to Edison that the proper sizes could be calculated mathematically in a single afternoon. [2] (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_engineering#References)

Theories, tools and work
The types of work electrical engineers do is diverse. Many work on the integration of discrete electrical components with the aim of designing systems or devices that fulfil a particular purpose. Others may work on the design of individual electrical components, the operation and maintenance of such systems or the processes behind the manufacturing of such devices.

The sciences of mathematics and physics are fundamental to electrical engineering as they help to obtain both a quantitative and qualitative description of how such systems will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of computers and it is commonplace to use CAD programs to design electrical systems.

Particular theories employed by electrical engineers include fourier theory, control theory and statistics as well as electromagnetism, quantum theory and solid state physics. Particular electrical components include generators, transmission lines, integrated circuits, resistors, capacitors and inductors.

Subfields
Although electrical engineering has many subfields, they all center around electromagnetism. Some work directly with Maxwell's equations to manipulate RF signals; some with electric power; and some with signal manipulation. Most of these subfields directly interface with computers. For example, power engineering is increasingly relying on computers for the distribution, accounting and control of power.

Power

Transmission lines in Lund, SwedenPower engineering is a subfield of electrical engineering that deals with electricity generation, transmission and distribution. These three areas make up a power grid that is used to provide industry, commerce and residents with electrical power.

Today, most power distribution is done using an alternating current with many grids chosing to adopt three-phase electric power. The power is then split before it reaches residential customers whose low-power appliances generally rely upon single-phase electric power. Many industries prefer to receive three-phase power though because it allows them to drive electric motors with greater efficiency. High-voltage direct current may be used for long distance transmission or interconnections between grids.

Many sites will also chose to have their own generators to either complement or replace power from the main grid. Hospitals often have such systems in case of a power outage and some industries, especially those in remote areas, may find it more economical to generate their own power.

Transformers play an important role in power transmission because they allow power to be converted to and from higher voltages. This is important because higher voltages suffer less power loss during transmission. Electrical substations exist throughout grids to convert power to high voltages before transmission and to low voltages suitable for appliances after transmission.

As well as the design of such systems, a key focus of power engineering is the operation of such systems. Since electric power cannot be efficiently stored, power engineers must also make sure that the power supply closely matches the demand. This can be achieved through mathematical modelling. If a grid is undersupplied users may experience brownouts or blackouts.

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