Computer engineering

Since computer engineering is so closely related to electrical engineering, some universities combine the two into a single department (such as Carnegie Mellon University [3] (http://www.ece.cmu.edu/) and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [4] (http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/)) or into a single degree (such as Stanford University [5] (http://www-ee.stanford.edu/)). Other universities combine electrical engineering with computer science like Massachusetts Institute of Technology [6] (http://www.eecs.mit.edu/).

Digital signal processing

Digital signal processing (DSP) is a field mixed with computer engineering to process and manipulate signals. The signals can be any electrical signal from audio (see Audio signal processing) to voltages to images (see Digital image processing). Utilizing the flexibility of digital computers, DSP is typically performed in software but could easily be performed in hardware through the use of field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) or application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) or other programmable hardware devices.

One important concern in DSP is sampling where analog-to-digital conversion and digital-to-analog conversion are used to interface the "digital world" with the real world.

DSP has become a very important field for instrumentation and telecommunications that often use statistical properties of the signal to enhance the signal. Location finding of cellular phone users has become an issue when dialing an emergency telephone number such as 9-1-1 in the US/Canada. With cellular phones, by their nature of being mobile, the user could be in an unfamiliar area and thus unable to give a location (See triangulation and GPS.

Instrumentation engineering

A Tektronix model 475A portable analogue oscilloscopeAnother subfield is accurate measurement of electrical properties. For example, the oscilloscope is used to measure voltage. Measuring an electrical circuit inevitably changes the voltages and currents in it. The objective is to minimize the influence of the measuring circuit or even compensate for it. The field also includes sensors that use a material's electrical properties, or electromechanical means of measurement. Examples of the former are piezoelectricity for measuring pressure and temperature-dependent resistors for measuring temperature.

These sensors can be used in control engineering to sense the environment and make control decisions through electric motors and actuators.

Telecommunication

Radio transmission diagram and electromagnetic wavesOther major subfields of electrical engineering are telecommunication and electromagnetism. Transmitting information from one place to another requires a transport channel such as a coax cable, optical fiber or free space. These channels can be accurately described using the laws of electromagnetism, particularly Maxwell's equations.

Some other examples of how electromagnetism is put to every day use are antenna design for use in mobile phones, and controlling the form of the electromagnetic field in an MRI scanner by the exact placement and alignment of its electromagnets. Another technology made possible by electromagnetism is the microwave oven.

The field of high-power radio frequency engineering (RF engineering) was once feared to be a lost art. Because of the trend for low-power, miniaturized circuitry, there is a perception that the need for high-power radio engineering and engineers is diminishing. On the contrary, the need for engineers and technicians in this particular field has never been greater, and the need will only increase in the foreseeable future.

Broadcasting

Broadcast engineering combines several aspects of electrical engineering, including telecommunications, radio frequency, audio, video (television), and computers. Audio engineering combines electrical engineering with the physics of acoustics.

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